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Immediate debrief: short debrief of practitioners closely following a clinical event in which they were involved. Useful to promote psychological safety and obtain insight into management processes. Preferred to the older term ‘hot debrief’ which has been retired from the literature.

Implementation tools: resources intended to prompt the user during performance of a task to facilitate team situational awareness, improve communication, prompt decision-making or guide key actions (in contrast to foundation tools). This term is synonymous with with ‘cognitive aid’ but is preferred as it emphasises the real-time context for use. Implementation tools may be ‘high-acuity’ (intended for use during a crisis) or ‘low acuity’ (intended for use during preparatory or routine activities). Cognitive aids may take the form of checklists, algorithms, graphics, mnemonics or emergency manuals.